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What is Citrine?

Citrine is any quartz crystal or cluster that is yellow or orange in color. Although, often cut as a gemstone, citrine is actually somewhat rare in nature. Citrine is one of the most affordable gemstones, thanks to the durability and availability of this golden quartz. Named from the French name for lemon,"citron," many citrines have a juicy lemon color, but like all gemstones, there is a range of colors that can be exhibited as citrine.

Citrine colors include yellow, gold to orange brown shades of transparent quartz. It’s a cheery-looking stone, and affordable and is popular as a gemstone for jewely. In ancient times, citrine was carried as a protection against snake venom and evil thoughts.

Although the darker, orange colors of citrine, sometimes called Madeira citrine after the color of the wine, has generally been the most valued color, in modern times, many people prefer the bright lemony shades which mix better with pastel colors. Citrine is generally more inexpensive than amethyst and is also available in a wide range of calibrated sizes and shapes, including very large sizes.

Sometimes you will hear citrine referred to as topaz quartz, which is incorrect. This name was used in the past in reference to the color, which is sometimes similar to the color of topaz. Since topaz is a separate mineral, this type of name can be confusing and should not be used. However, citrine is considered an alternative to topaz as the birthstone for November.

Since most citrine on the market started its life as amethyst which was heated to turn its color to gold, citrine jewelry, as well as amethyst jewelry, should be kept away from prolonged exposure to strong light or heat. With this precaution, citrine jewelry will last for many generations.

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Ecology Of Industrial Areas Of Uzbekistan: Aerosol Pollutants, Bioelementozy And Dental Diseases

Through the state program of reforming health care and the Law «On protection of citizens' health» have been integrated (joint) with research of ecology of environment with the participation of ecologists, mineral-geochemists and health workers. Industrial Centers (Tashkent-Angren-Almalyk, Tashkent, Navoi-Bekabad-Zarafshan, etc.) in which the population is due to the intensification of technological processes and the increasing load-nano structured aerosol pollutants are at risk of associated diseases. Wastes from production, enters the atmosphere, soil, water and vegetation with their unmanageable accumulation (overload) the impact of per person, causing a concomitant diseases (dental, skin, etc.), as well as the flora and fauna. Modern civilization has immunosuppressive effects on the human body with a set of related diseases, including the growth of dental coverage to working-age population [4,12]. In this regard, an important scientific problems of practical significance is drawn hygienic monitoring of the environment industry research centers with structural and mineral aerosol nano component (so-called «spit some») mass of air [11,14] on the antigen-toxicants.

In the industrial centers the sources of dangerous pollutants for human health (antigen-toxicants) are formed geologically and geochemical (or biogeochemical) antropo genious, biologically and cosmogeneous and other agents and processes taking place in the context of surrounding environment.

Geology - and geochemical sources of fine shaped, nano structured and other mass disintegration and weathering of natural magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and ores, including urban structures, and their subsequent transport and accumulation in aerosol formation.

Geological - geochemical factors of pollution over a huge territory, but actually related aerosol (spit some) mass richly represented in mineral components of nano structured forms (Table 1 and 2) whose components by Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Cu, etc., are essential in the increase of concentrations which acquire significance for the organism antigen-toxicant. In typical aerosol components the presence of a set of TR (rare earth elements, with 15), radioactive (U, Th, etc.) are of more than 70 items by all of the definitions.

In a concentrate of an aerosol dust the maintenance of aerosol aluminum (are extremely high, from less 10-74 to 20 weight.). According to modern representations [5,6,11] aluminum shows concentration at any maintenances in nano structure to the finding form, and so, nano parts, nano assembly and nano structured aluminum allocation require the special approach – sanitary-and-hygienic regulations. To itself of the similar approach of researches the form of stay of silicon which being in nano mineral dynamic values causes nano structures get the importance of harmful to an organism pollutes (an anti genetic - toxicants) environment.

By geographical factors forming aerosol pollutants by products of marine origin fumes aerosols iodine, bromine, chlorine, and possibly others. In the atmosphere of urban and suburban features of the industrial centers of growth aerosol sulfur, fluorine, phosphorus, chlorine and other pollutants are considered in relation to industrial activities (hydrogenous, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, etc.). Aerosol components of technogenic origin is extremely dangerous to the human body, which weakens its natural protective mechanisms that favor the development of numerous diseases, including dental (caries and its complications non caries defeat hard tissue of teeth, periodontal diseases and diseases of the mucous membrane of the mouth). Modern methods of prevention and treatment of dental diseases in industrial centers, with an unfavorable ecological situation is not always conducive to their full recovery. Prolonged treatment of diseases of periodontal and mucous membrane of the mouth often lead to the development of various complications (growth of resistant forms, and allergic reactions associated with the disease and others).

Atrophy genious (industrial) sources of aerosol pollution of the atmosphere are characteristic of areas of major industrial centers (Chirchik chemical factory, Ohangaron cement factory, Bekabad Metallurgical Plant, Almalyk hard-rock-metal Mill etc.), which makes a certain contribution to the aerosol trouble. Working vehicles worsen the environmental situation. Atrophy genious pollutants on the factors [7] when the formation is expanded: work on vehicles (up to 40% of the total number of Pollutant aerosol character) on the work of industrial enterprises, quarrying excavation of rocks and ores (40%) to eliminate waste production, and other debris, agricultural production (20%). Abnormal (man) aerosol pollutants provoke development of serious disease organism (allergic, endocrine, cardiovascular, urological, skin, dental etc.).

Cosmogenic sources of atmospheric aerosol components are involved in the dissemination of Fe, Mn, Ti, Si, N, C, Be, Li, B, and other chemical compounds. Cosmogenic radiation is accompanied by the formation of radioactive isotopes of carbon (12S14), hydrogen (1N3), beryllium (1Be7) and other radioactive isotope of carbon (12S14), with a half-T u003d 5568 years, occurs due to the impact of neutron (n) for isotopes of nitrogen (N14): N14 + n → 12S14 + H1. Isotope of helium (He3) represents the product of the reaction of the dissolution of tritium (H3). Cosmogenic origin is and the radioactive isotope (1Be7), forming by splitting atoms of nitrogen and oxygen: 1Be7 [N14 + n → Be7 + ..] and 1Be10 with a half-T u003d 53 days, respectively, and T u003d 2.7 ∙ 106 years. Radioactive isotopes of carbon, beryllium, hydrogen and other chemical elements in rainwater enters the general circulation, are often adsorbed on the clay materials, structural components of soil organic substrate, etc. Bio elemental functional and organic violations of the organism are because of antigen - aerosol pollutants of industrial centers. The human body is characterized by the participation of virtually all chemical elements [9]. Sets of chemical elements in the matrix of the human body at an average weight (Table 3) are divided into macro and micro elements.

Table 3

The mineral composition of the human body contains [7] the following macro-and micronutrients:

macro and micro-elements :

Contents, g

Percent contents from weight, %

Ca

1510

(2.2)

P

840

(1.2)

K

245

(0.35)

S

105

(0.15)

Na

105

(0.15)

Mg

70

(0.10)

Fe

3.5

(0.005)

Zn

1.75

(0.025)

Cu

0.07

(0.00011)

Through the digestive system, breathing organism occurs replenish chemical elements, as well as «cold fusion» through the transformation of some chemical elements in the other. In the body, with excess accumulation of elements or their lack of content develops a set of functional and organic irregularities provoked bio elemental (elemental). Environment industry Centers also directly or indirectly leads to functional and organic violations of the human body (bio elemental). In the cellular matrix and the entire physical body, or the lack of surplus needed for vital chemical elements provokes periodontal disease, etc. The lack of a chemical element is offset by other, related, but alien to the organism element, for example, Sr-90 has similarities to the structure of Ca (Group II A).

Similar chemical elements (Table 1 and 3) are defined of the group [7]: H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr - Group IA; Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra - Group II A; B, Al, Ga, In, Tl -- Group III A; C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb - Group IV A; N, P, As, Sb, Bi - Group V A; O, S, Se, Te, Po - Group VI A; F, Cl, Br, I, At - Group VII A; Fe, Ru, Os - Group VIII A; Co, Rh, Ir - Group IX A; Ni, Pd, Pt - Party XA; Cu, Ag, Au - Group XI IB; Zn, Cd, Hg - Group XII II B; Sc, Y, La, Ac - Group XIII III B; Ti, Zr, Hf - Group XIV IV B; V, Nb, Ta - Group XV VB; Cr, Mo, W - Group XVI VI B; Mn, Nc, Re - Group XVII VII B; He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn - Group XVIII O; La, Cc, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tt, Yb, Lu - Group XIX Lanthanide; Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fr, Md, No, Lr - XX actinide group.

Sr-90 - radioactive, occurs in the environment (soil, water, aerosols), industrial centers, participating in the same chemical reactions, that Ca, Ba - 140 or Ra-226. In the body strontium - 90 accumulated, consisting of bones and teeth affects the soft tissues, provoking the development of cancer. Antigen-aerosol pollutants, effect on the body to provoke severe disease (bio elemental, functional and organic violations, including the chronic form). Insufficient number of chemical elements in the body provoke disease associated with gipomikroelementozis (micro elemental), and the excess of finding leads to gipermikroelementozis (hyper micro elemental).

Some bodies selective (targeted) accumulate in the structure, some chemical elements (iodine - in the thyroid gland; fluoride - in the enamel teeth; zinc - in the genital organs, skin, hair, pancreas, iron - in the erythrocytes). Iodine biologically necessary mineral component of the thyroid gland and is an essential trace element in the formation of hormones of the gland. In case of shortage iodine body replenished by radioactive J-131, which is excessively accumulated in the thyroid, and irradiated surrounding tissue and organs may provoke the development of prostate cancer. Almost all the radioactive iodine is present in the spray of dust, which can participate in the replenishment of the body.

Macro-and microelements in human body are filled with radioactive analogs, or a group of similar elements: Ca ← Sr-90; J ← J-131; Fe ← Pu-238, 239; K ← Cs-137; S ← S-35, vitamin B12 ← Co-60; Zn ← Zn-65. Irradiation and released into the body of radioactive components provoked organ carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer foci, the growth of so-called «Free radicals», damaging cells, tissues and living organism as a whole. Selectively accumulate in the lungs following nuclides (Kr-85; Pu-238, 239; Ra-233; Xe-133135), liver (Cs -137; Co - 58, 60; Np - 239; Pu - 238, 239, 241), thyroid gland (J - 129, 131; Tc - 99), skin (S - 35), spleen (Po - 210), ovarian (Ba - 140; Cs - 134, 137; Co - 58, 60; J - 131; Kr - 85; Pu - 239; Ru - 106; It - 90; Zn - 85), bone (Ba - 140; C - 14; Eu - 154, 155; P - 32; Pu - 238, 239, 241; Pm - 147; Ra - 136; Sr -- 89,90; Th - 234; U - 233; It - 90; Zn - 65), muscles (Cs - 134, 137; Eu - 164, 155; K - 40, 42).

In the aerosol dust (Table 1) industrial centers are more than 70 chemical elements of: organical; macro elements; vitally-needed micronutrients; conditional life-necessary trace elements, potentially toxic trace elements (Rb, Zr, Sn, Au, Ag, W, Ge, Ga, Sr, Ti) and toxic trace elements (Al, Pb, Ba, Cd, Hg, Tl, Be, Sb). In the body via the respiratory system comes nano structured components of the Ba (20%), Bi (20), Cd (20), Tl (20), Be (40), Sb (20), Zr (40), Sn (20), Ag (20), W ( 20), Ga (20), Ti (20) and others in the nano structured form of residence. In the aerosol nanostructures components most toxic and potentially toxic trace elements, while in many high concentrations (100 - 1000 times) are indicators of the dangers bio elemental manifestations and associated diseases.

In the aerosol growth of antigenic toxins favor, above all, the spread of dental and other diseases. Known that the incidence of dental caries and diseases largely due to climatic and geographical terrain. Dental examinations were made with population coverage of the industrial centers. It was found that the geographic location in a more significant extent than fluoride affects the intensity of dental diseases. When considering the intensity of dental caries in adults aged 35-44 years residing in 13 urban and rural points of Uzbekistan found that the intensity (KPA) varies widely, namely from 15,40 to 15,44-affected teeth in the cities Djizzak and Nukus - up to 5,28 in the city of Urgench [1,3,10].

According to epidemiological studies the prevalence of dental caries in the adult population of the Republic of Uzbekistan establishes in the amount of 95,4% (limits of fluctuations of 90.66% to 97, 51%), the intensity of CPU on average, close to 10,60 per surveyed. In the course of epidemiological research it became evident of the impact of environment on the magnitude of prevalence and severity of dental caries. First of all, drew attention to the factor of residence in urban or rural areas, as well as the impact anthropo genious pollutants. In the urban population affected by caries were more likely than rural. For example, in Tashkent the prevalence of dental caries was 97,51 ± 0,56%, surpassing target set for rural residents in Kibray district of Tashkent region. In Andijan, the prevalence and intensity dental caries statistically significantly higher than the corresponding figures in Shahrihan district of Andijan region (Table 4).

Table 4

�

Prevalence of dental caries among adults in the Republic of Uzbekistan (in% of the number surveyed)

Adult group

(in years)

Tashkent

Kibray region

Andijan

Shakhrikhan region

20-29

93,86+1,82

92,43+2,98

86,21+3,20

74,93+4,48

30-39

97,52+2,18

95,58+2,40

96,48+1,72

89,66+3,26

40-49

98,10+1,08

97,61+1,92

98,29+1,28

94,01+2,66

50-59

98,91+0,88

98,47+1,52

98,38+1,22

97,37+1,74

60 и ст.

100.0+0,00

99.63+0,74

99,51+0.70

99,69+0,62

Total

97,51+0,56

96,55+0,98

94,93+0,94

90,66+1,42

Uzbekistan has a high prevalence of diseases of tissues periodontal. The main nosological forms of diseases periodontal is periodontitis. Studies show that among adults the prevalence of periodontitis in Tashkent is 61.20 +0.75 (see Table 5).

Table 5

�

Prevalence of periodontitis in the adult population in the Republic of Uzbekistan (in% of number surveyed)

Adult group

(in years)

Tashkent

Kibray region

Andijan

Shakhrikhan region

18-24

28,49+1,70

31,21+1,54

41,21+1,34

53,42+1,88

25-34

44,70+1,87

47,10+1,40

54,32+1,11

64,78+1,80

35-44

65,15+1,80

69,05+1,75

71,15+1,45

74,96+1,63

45-54

91,94+1,02

94,94+1,22

95,94+1,32

97,45+0,59

55-64

87,52+1,25

90,52+1,17

91,74+1,14

92,27+1,01

65 up to hundred

49,50+1,89

52,50+1,89

50,34+1,89

50,36+1,89

Total

61,20+0,75

64,56+0,95

67,45+1,15

72,21+0,69

In the same climatic and geographical conditions of the region a higher frequency of periodontitis is established among the rural residents than the city., the relatively low level of registration of the prevalence of periodontitis in Tashkent city than in rural areas, an indicator for the relatively high quality of treatment and prevention of disease. Analysis of literature on the epidemiology diseases, showed that, across a variety of factors affecting the frequency of their occurrence, determinants provide oral hygiene, the nature of power and status of ecological environment. It should be noted that among the diseases periodontitis, occurring in rural areas in the main group falls rapidly progressive periodontitis- agressiv form of periodontitis (STDs). In the etiology of STD calls special attention to the ecology of the environment and this factor tend to treat the «disease of the XXI century» [2,8]. A survey of rural residents, mainly, work involving contact with chemicals allows to observe a higher incidence STDs.

For the territory of Uzbekistan is characterized by a sharp continental climate, hot summers, the winter is severe, sometimes had heavy snowfalls. Mountain areas with relatively flat areas are characterized by the deposition of atmospheric precipitation in abundant quantities, with sharp fluctuations in temperature. The increase in the number of dental diseases is occurring against the backdrop of worsening environmental stress on the human body, high insulation and UV radiation. Along with dental caries and its complications occurs a sharp increase in disease periodontal. Dental disease and regional - and global environmental environment, of course, are in a certain interdependence. Aerosol polluters, provoking bio elemental [1,8,9] favors an increase in the number of dental diseases. The nature of these communications, though, and finds statistical evidence, requires examination, staging and sanitation of environmental monitoring and surveys of residents on the disease.

Table 1

Chemical compound of nano structural mineral phase of aerosols of industrial centers of Uzbekistan (on 20 tests of an aerosol-dust concentrate, in average)

�

�

Components

Weight , %.

Average

Nano components

From-to, g/t.

Average

1

2

3

1

2

3

SiO2

19.79-66.35

20

Au

0.027-14.65

3

Al2O3

6.64-17.93

10

Ag

0.43-22.61

4

FeO+Fe2O3

3.98-15.40

5

Pd

0.10-0.59

0.3

TiO2

0.05-0.60

0.1

Rh

0.018-1.132

0.02

MnO

0.26-1.12

0.4

Cu

160-2500

500

CaO

2.42-32.28

15

Zn

100-3500

500

MgO

1.69-4.75

3

Pb

20-2500

100

Na2O

0.56-3.82

2

Cd

6.10-62

10

K2O

1.46-2.89

2

Re

0.0007-0.662

0.001

P2O5

0.10-0.83

0.3

In

0.05-0.45

0.1

S

1.12-8.92

2

I

0.8-24.7

1.1

�

�

�

Hg

0.61-8.5

2.5

�

�

�

Bi

0.91-61

2.5

�

�

�

Se

2.40-44.61

10

�

�

�

Te

0.32-13.40

5

�

�

�

V

70-200

100

�

�

�

Cr

55-177

100

�

�

�

Co

24-256

50

�

�

�

Ni

5-500

100

�

�

�

Be

0.13-1.67

0.5

�

�

�

B

18.69-170

30

�

�

�

Se

14-30

15

�

�

�

W

5.58-25.24

10

Nano structural mineral components of aerosols of industrial centers of Uzbekistan

Dusts

(muddies)

Sources of generating muddies (dusts)

The mineral form of a finding

Geo Chemical

Biological

Atrophy genes

Cosmo genes

2

3

4

5

6

7

Si

XXX

�

XX

�

Useful need of nano structural from quartz and its types, dioxide silicon (chalcedonies, opals, etc.).

А1

XXX

�

XX

X

Field spars; nano structural forms

Са

XX

�

XX

�

Sa Carbonates forms; lime, burnt lime, nano structural components of Sa,

С

X

XX

XXX

X

Soot, carbonaceous substance, organic mineral formations, etc.

S

X

X

XXX

�

Elemental sulfur, pyrite, sulfur nanostructures

P

X

X

X

�

Fe

XX

�

X

XX

Silitsity Fe; ferrite, Cohen, oxides and Fe hydroxide

Мn

X

�

X

�

Silitsity Mn; oxide and hydroxide Mn

As

�

X

�

Organo-mineral form nanostructured type

Hg

�

X

�

Organo-mineral form nanostructured type

Sb

�

X

�

Organo-mineral (cluster) forms

Au

�

X

�

Cluster (nanostructured) forms

Ag

�

X

�

Cluster (nanostructured) forms

Bi

�

�

�

Pb

�

XX

�

Nanostructured; organo-mineral form

Zn

�

X

�

Nanostructured; clustered form

Cu

�

XX

�

Mo

�

X

�

W

�

�

�

Sn

�

�

�

Nb,Ta

�

�

�

Zr

�

�

�

Ti

�

X

X

Nanostructured; clustered

Cr

�

�

�

U,Th

�

X

�

F

�

X

�

Cl, B, Br

X

�

XX

�

NOTE: XXX - widespread; XX - relatively common; X - the least.

CONCLUSIONS

�

1. In industrial zones (Tashkent-Chirchik-Ahangaran-Almalyk, etc.), aerosol nano structured mineral biogeochemical antigen-toxicant and other environmental contaminants in the environment as a biological and physiological activity of provoking the development of bio elemental, functional and organic violations of the human body.

2. Against the background of geological and geochemical, biological, antropogenic, cosmogenic and environmental impacts flow formation and distribution of aerosol antigen - toxicants and other pollution areas. The nature of geological and geochemical aerosol pollutants is extremely diverse, their specificity and nanostructured components are formed with the involvement of Si, Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, C, S, P, Cl, etc. The composition of the aerosol matrix organic matter (gas and fine spit some, smoke and gas-liquid), with sorption activity favor multiple growth and concentration of «typical», as well as «Alien» (Au, Pd, Ag, etc.) and other nano structured and mineral components.

3. The components of biological origin (P, S, P, K, Si, Fe, etc.), formation of which pass through the cotton and horticultural land, as well as greenhouse farming, soil cover (nitrogen Gas-liquid Education with traces of «heavy» metals and other antigen-toxins), fires, combustion of waste, garbage and significantly contribute to the overall cycle of aerosol pollutants.

4. Antropogenic (industrial) aerosol pollutants accompany places human life (work motor vehicles, industrial emissions, launching space vehicles, etc.), revealing to the sets of components of the aerosols from Si, Al, Ca, As, Sb, Hg, Cu, Zn, etc., including a few rare earth chemical elements. For the body, this factor of aerosol pollution environment represents a very high risk, as collateral could manifest in the form of severe allergic reactions of the organism, have asthma, irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane of eyes, mucous membranes of the oral cavity and other organs.

5. For Cosmogenic sources of formation of nano structured components of aerosols are characterized by the involvement and participation of Be, Fe, Mn, Si, N, C, B, Li and others Cosmogenic radiation provokes the formation of a number of other highly dangerous for the body of radioactive isotopes of carbon (12S14), hydrogen (1N3), beryllium (4Ve7) and other chemical elements, which are carbon-protected components of aerosols are actively adsorbed to nano structured form. Process of their accumulation in aerosols concomitant is adverse in environmental aerosol territory.

6. Matrix aerosol includes more than 70 nano structural chemical elements, including rare, rare earth and radioactive. In the aerosols are present organogenic (C, H, N and O), macro elements (Ca, P, S, K, Na, Cl, Mg), is necessary-(Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co, Cr, Se, I) and conditional life-necessary (F, B, Si, Ni, V, Br, Li, etc.), trace elements, as well as antigen-toxicant (Al, Pb, Ba, Bi, Hg, Tl, Be, Sb), and potentially - the toxic elements (Rb, Zr, Sn, Au, Ag, W, Ge, Ga, Sr, Ti). Antigen-toxicant, and potential - the toxic components of aerosols, affect the body to provoke bio elemental, functional and violations of the organic body. 7. To a large extent, the incidence of dental caries and periodontal due to disease climatic and geographic features of terrain. Urban population affected by caries more often than the rural population, through antropogenic (industrial and industrial emissions, the vehicle) aerosol pollutants. In Tashkent the prevalence of caries teeth was 97,51 ± 0,28% and higher than measured for rural district of Tashkent region Kibray 96,55 ± 0,98%. In Andijan, the incidence and severity of dental caries statistically significantly higher than that of Shahrihan area of Andijan region (94,93 ± 0,94 and 90,66 ± 1,42, respectively).

8. In the same climatic and geographic region, a higher frequency of periodontitis established among rural residents than urban areas. But for rural residents, mainly the work, which is held in contact with chemicals there is a higher incidence of STDs, which very quickly leads to loss of teeth.

9. Number of dental diseases in population of industrial zones seen in almost a weak tolerance and indifference to the impact of aerosol nano structural antigen-toxicants.

This work was supported by the Committee for the Coordination of the development of science and technology in the CM of Uzbekistan (grant A-7-388).

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P.2002-2012.

About the Author

Rizayev Jasur Alimjanovich – candidate of medical sciences., the senior lecturer, the competitor of chair of public health and management of public health services of the Tashkent Medical Academy E-mail: dr.jasur@rambler.ru