Glass Vial
Glass Vial
Digital Alcohol Breathalyzers
Numerous models of consumer or personal breath alcohol testers are now available on the open market. Catered for personal and professional use, most are hand-held devices that lead the way, primarily because they are generally much less expensive than the devices used by law enforcement. Incorporating most commonly a method of testing known as semiconductor-based sensing technology, it is both less expensive and less accurate and reliable than fuel cell or infrared devices; those used commonly by law enforcement agencies. Despite semiconductor devices sensing the presence of breath alcohol, they do not provide reliable measures of BAC (Blood alcohol content). Semiconductor devices are also more prone to false positives, which means they can signal alcohol even when none is present. Common examples would include the alcohol traces found in common household products like mouthwash and cough syrup. Briefly, we will outline the various differences and histories between Alcosensor III or IV, Intoxilyzers, and Breathalyzers.
With technology increasing and upgrading itself at such a hastened pace, it is amazing to think that in just eighty years, from the very first model introduced by Emil Bogen in 1927 as a paper method of testing for alcohol, to the very first breath-testing device being introduced to law enforcement by Professor Harger in 1938, the 'Drunkometer' as it was called collected a motorist's breath sample directly into a balloon inside this machine. The breath sample would then be pumped into a acidified potassium premenganate solution. If there was alcohol in the breath sample, the solution changed color. More color change would signify more alcohol present, a very crude instrument compared to today, but extremely beneficial considering the era it was introduced was the same which prohibition was taking place all across North America. Humorous to note is just how big and heavy the 'Drunkometer actually was compared to the technology present today, the device was similar to the size of a shoe-box, far more akin to a portable laboratory then anything vaguely resembling today's tests.
More recently, developers have begun to introduce consumer breath testers that use the same platinum fuel cell technology as used in law enforcement portable breathalyzers. Breathalyzers incoproated with fuel cells are the ‘gold standard' of hand-held alcohol breathalyzer for both personal and professional use. They are the choice of professional users such as Law Enforcement and serious personal users such as concerned parents and individuals who require measurement they can trust. Fuel cell testers are more expensive than semiconductor models; however, they are also more precise, reliable and accurate. Other advantages of all fuel cell devices include that they are less prone to false positives than are semiconductor devices, they can also often be outfitted with other modifications, such as printers to instantly give hard proof of the results achieved on the field, a critical factor when trying to prove when and how and where a specific test was administered.
To breakdown and simplify the technologies in 'breathalyzers' is as follows, the most common variable used to date is known to incorporate a chemical reaction involving alcohol that will produce a color change. The device will typicially contain a system to sample the breath of the subject, two glass vials containing the chemical reaction mixture and a system of photocells connected to a meter to measure the color change associated with the chemical reaction. Think of the first form of breathalyzer, where more color is found, the reading will state higher, these have all been mechanicially calibrated in the standard breathalyzer. Intoxilyzer is a device that uses infrared spectroscopy which is used to identify molecules based on the way they absorb IR light. The absorbed wave lengths emitted by the sample will identify the substance as ethanol, and the amount of IR absorption calculated inside the device tells you how much ethanol is there. These systems are slightly more accurate then common breathalyzers in that they will be able to give accurate readings as to the actual BAC content, however flaws still do exist in them reading false-positives for things such as mouthwash.
Alcosensor III or IV are the 'rolls royce' of the breathalyzer industry, designed with modern fuel-cell technology, used to power hybrid cars, the cell itself has two platinum electrodes with a porous acid-electrolyte material set between them. As air is exhaled from a subject it will flow past one side of the fuel cell, the platinum then will oxidize any alcohol in the air to produce acetic acid, this is the chemical that will be tested to find out exactly how much ethanol was consumed. Something to keep in mind is that the Alcosensor III or IV will need continual calibration of the device to ensure it is working properly; when trained in the use of this method of testing, a sample will become court admissable. Something to keep in mind is that the perceived accuracy of a breath test will directly determine its authenticity and validity, in this the Alcosensor III or IV is essentially the only method of testing used by law enforcement professionals or people truly concerned with getting the most accurate results from alcohol testing.
About the Author
Meditests.com is distributor and retailer of alcohol test devices.
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How To Mix Hcg Injections For Weight Loss
Human Chronic Gonadotropin (Hcg) is a natural hormone found in the human body. Using HCG injections for weight loss is not a new idea by any means. As a matter of fact, the notion of using HCG as a dieting aid was first introduced by Dr. A.T.W Simeons in the early 1950s. He claimed dieters could partake of a 500 calorie per day diet without hunger if HCG injections were used. HCG boosts the metabolism and mobilizes fat stores, which causes the abnormal fat to break down instead of just sitting there. This results in an average of 0.5 to 1 pounds or more a day depending on the starting condition of the dieters.
So how to mix HCG injections for weight loss? First, you need to determine which dose is right for you. Usually people take 175 to 200 i.u, it depends on how much weight they need to lose. The dosage will have to be discussed with your provider if you choose to go through Hcg diet program via HCG clinics.
In order to mix the HCG injections, you will need HCG in powder concentrate, Bacteriostatic water that is injection safe, syringes for mixing, needles, alcohol pads, and a sterile glass vial. The powder concentrated HCG will instantly dissolve when the Bacteriostatic Water comes in contact with it.
When mixing, the most important thing is making sure everything is clean and sterile. The needle that is used in the first step is a 30 cc syringe, and the needle must not touch the vial, if it does then the needle should be replaced before moving forward. When mixing, do not shake the vial, carefully swirl it. At the end of the mixing, a 3cc syringe is used.
In addition, make sure your work area is cleaned with bleach before hand and that your hands and feet have been sterilized. Take out 25 cc of sterile water using a sterile needle, be sure to use an alcohol pad to clean the needle and bottle before hand, after that, replace the needle with a new sterile needle. Inject 1 cc of water and the HCG powder into the ampoule. Swirl the vial gently to mix the HCG, which should dissolve right away.
The remaining 24 cc of sterile water should be injected into a sterile glass vial. From there, take out 1 cc of HCG and inject it into the glass vial containing the 24 cc of water, make sure the glass vile has been sterilized. There should be 25 doses of 1 ml doses ready for injection.
It is very important not to mix two kinds of liquids with the HCG; the liquid should always be from the same source. Always make sure you let the air out of the syringe before using otherwise it will shoot back out. When using HCG injections for weight loss, be sure to read the manuscript before hand.
About the Author
Learn more about HCG injections for weight loss at HCG Weight Loss.
